June's Famous Devonian

June’s famous Devonian is John Gay (30 June 1685 – 4 December 1732) who was born in Barnstable. He is most famous as being the author of The Beggar’s Opera, a work distinguished by good-humored satire and technical assurance.[1] John Gay is credited with the first success of the ballad opera genre.[2]

John Gay. [3]

Gay attended the Grammar School in Barnstable and upon leaving school he was apprentices to a silk mercer in London. Disliking the work, Gay left the merchant to work briefly for Arthur Hill, who became manager of a theatre company. In 1712, in his late twenties, Gay was a secretary to the Duchess of Monmouth and even worked as a secretary to Lord Clarendon.[4] His first important poem, Rural Sports, appeared in 1713. This is a ‘descriptive and didactic work’ in two short books dealing with hunting and fishing, but containing also ‘descriptions of the countryside and meditations on the Horatian theme of retirement’.[5]

The Beggar's Opera. [6]

The Beggar’s Opera was produced in London on the 29^th January 1728 by John Rich at Lincoln’s Inn Fields Theatre and ran for 62 performances. Narrated by the beggar himself, it is a story of thieves and highwaymen and centers around love triangle between the highwayman Macheath, his fence's daughter Polly and the jailer's daughter Lucy (who is pregnant with his child). It was intended to ‘mirror the moral degradation of society and, more particularly, to caricature the prime minister Sir Robert Walpole and his Whig administration’.[7] It soon became very popular and throughout the Eighteenth Century and was staged ‘just about everywhere in the English speaking world where room could be found to put up a stage’.[8]

''Sure men were born to lie, and women to believe them!''

John Gay (1685-1732), British dramatist. Lucy, in The Beggar's Opera, act 2, sc. 13.

Gay lost most of his money after investing in the disastrous South Sea Stock, leaving behind £6,000 when he died. He was buried in Westminster Abbey.

Life is a jest, and all things show it.
I thought it once, and now I know it.
(John Gay's self-written epitaph).[9]

[1] Encyclopaedia Britannica Online Academic Version, ‘John Gay’, 2012. [Online] Available from: www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/227376/John-Gay. (Accessed 26/05/12).

[2] Eighteenth Century English Website, ‘The Beggar’s Opera’, 2002. [Online] Available from: www.umich.edu/~ece/student_projects/beggars_opera/. (Accessed 26/05/12).

[3] Wikipedia, ‘John Gay’, 2012. [Online] Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gay. (Accessed 26/05/12).

[4] Eighteenth Century English Website, ‘The Beggar’s Opera’, 2002. [Online] Available from: www.umich.edu/~ece/student_projects/beggars_opera/. (Accessed 26/05/12).

[5] Encyclopaedia Britannica Online Academic Version, ‘John Gay’, 2012. [Online] Available from: www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/227376/John-Gay. (Accessed 26/05/12).
[6] Daily Post (London, England), Wednesday, February 14, 1728; Issue 2620.

[7] Encyclopaedia Britannica Online Academic Version, ‘John Gay’, 2012. [Online] Available from: www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/227376/John-Gay. (Accessed 26/05/12).

[8] Winton, C. (1993) John Gay and the London Theatre, The University of Kentucky Press, Lexington, KY : 169.

[9] The Contemplator’s Short History of John Gay and the Beggar’s Opera, 2012. [Online] Available from: www.contemplator.com/history/johngay.html. (Accessed 26/05/12).

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June Inventions

On the 4^th June 1963 patent No 3,091,888 was granted to six-year-old Robert Patch for a toy truck.[1] The idea was to create a toy truck which could be easily assembled and disassemble by children and could change into different types of truck. Kind of like a modern Transformers toy.

Truck Patent Image. [1]

The 9^th June 1953 saw the patent for the manufacture of soft surface cured cheese granted, No 2,641,545.[2] This was developed by John Kraft and it was not the first time Kraft had been involved with cheese. In 1903 L.J Kraft started a wholesale cheese business in Chicago, selling cheese from the back of a horse drawn wagon, by 1914 their first cheese factory in Illinois opened and within a year the factory had began producing cheese in tins.[3] These cheese tins were provided for the armed forces during World War 1. 1950 saw the production of Kraft Deluxe process cheese slices, which were the first commercially packaged processed cheese.[4] The year of 1952 saw Cheez Whiz, a pasteurised processed cheese spread, come onto the market.[5] However, the 1953 soft surface cured cheese patent, as mentioned above,  focused on making the separation of the soft cheese from the exterior easier, as ‘few customers eat both the mould pad and the soft interior’.[6] The difficulties in separating the two parts of the cheese is ‘naturally of considerable annoyance to the consumer, as well as an ultimate waste of edible cheese’.[7]

Cheese Patent Image. [2]

Now something which the majority of us will have in our homes...medicine bottles. It is the child lock top which we are looking at here. Patented on 5^th June 1984 the ‘Safety Cap for Medicine Bottle’ No 4,452,364 was granted to Ronald Kay.[8] Originally the device served as a detection device to see whether medicines had been tampered with, ‘efforts are being made to seal the contents such that a purchaser would easily be able to detect whether or not tampering had occurred’.[9] This kind of device has also kept children safe as well, as the lock cap creates a barrier to them.

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[1] Google Patents, ‘3, 091, 888’, 2011. [Online] Available from:  www.google.com/patents?id=JV5oAAAAEBAJ&pg=PA1&dq=3,091,888&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=2#v=onepage&q=3%2C091%2C888&f=false. (Accessed 12/05/12).

[2] Google Patents, ‘No 2, 641, 545’, 2011. [Online] Available from: www.google.com/patents?id=OqZvAAAAEBAJ&pg=PA1&dq=2,641,545&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=1#v=onepage&q=2%2C641%2C545&f=false. (Accessed 12/05/12).

[3] Kraft Foods, ‘History’, 2008. [Online] Available from:  www.kraftfoodscompany.com/About/history/index.aspx. (Accessed 12/05/2012).

[4] Inventors, ‘The History of Kraft Foods’, 2012. [Online] Available from:  www.inventors.about.com/od/foodrelatedinventions/a/kraft_foods_2.htm. (Accessed 12/05/12).

[5] Inventors, ‘The History of Kraft Foods’, 2012. [Online] Available from:  www.inventors.about.com/od/foodrelatedinventions/a/kraft_foods_2.htm. (Accessed 12/05/12).

[6] Google Patents, ‘No 2, 641, 545’, 2011. [Online] Available from: www.google.com/patents?id=OqZvAAAAEBAJ&pg=PA1&dq=2,641,545&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=1#v=onepage&q=2%2C641%2C545&f=false. (Accessed 12/05/12).

[7] Google Patents, ‘No 2, 641, 545’, 2011. [Online] Available from: www.google.com/patents?id=OqZvAAAAEBAJ&pg=PA1&dq=2,641,545&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=1#v=onepage&q=2%2C641%2C545&f=false. (Accessed 12/05/12).

[8] Google Patents, ‘No4, 452, 364’, 2011. [Online] Available from: www.google.com/patents?id=xGw5AAAAEBAJ&pg=PA4&dq=Safety+Cap+for+Medicine+Bottle+ininventor:ronald+ininventor:kay&hl=en#v=onepage&q&f=false. (Accessed 12/05/2012).

[9] Google Patents, ‘No4, 452, 364’, 2011. [Online] Available from: www.google.com/patents?id=xGw5AAAAEBAJ&pg=PA4&dq=Safety+Cap+for+Medicine+Bottle+ininventor:ronald+ininventor:kay&hl=en#v=onepage&q&f=false. (Accessed 12/05/2012).

Mystery Item No 5

So this month’s mystery item is a mini first aid kit. Again sorry for the bad quality of the pictures, I didn't realise until I uploaded them :(

The museum's item

Whilst I can’t tell you where the item came from, it would have been useful to have on you. Our kit contains a box of sterilised dressing made by S, MAW, SON & SONS, LTD. In 1814 Maw purchased a surgical plaster factory at Whitecross Street in London, and soon began manufacturing surgical instruments and various medical and pharmaceutical products.[1] The bottle contains Gentian Violet, which is thought to have been introduced by the German pharmacist George Grübler.[2] This is a dye which has antiseptic properties to it.

Another view 

Depending on their use, first aid kits can contain many different items and can be contained in many different things, such as our metal tin example. The term 'first aid' was first used in 1878, as a combination of ‘first treatment and ‘national aid’.[3] Before this many different ways of treating injuries occurred. Prehistoric man would have had their own ways of dealing with problems, witchdoctors would have had their own strategies and ways of dealing with injuries would have been passed down by word of mouth. This meant aid could be given by someone who wasn’t a trained professional. First Aid in warfare was a very important aspect. In 1099, religious knights were trained in medical care and organised the Order of St. John to specifically treat battlefield injuries, ‘in other words, although these knights were considered laypersons, they were formally trained to provide first aid’.[4]

In 1890 Johnson & Johnson invented the invented Johnson & Johnson’s First Aid Cabinet.[5] It was in 1885 that Robert Johnson invented the first ready-made surgical dressing, he believed that ‘sterile wound dressings could lessen the chance of infection in surgical wounds, thereby speeding healing’.[6] The company went on the produce medicinal plasters and ready-made, antiseptic surgical dressings, ‘these products were the early forerunners of the Johnson & Johnson RED CROSS First Aid Brand gauze pads, covers, tapes, and other first aid items now used and recommended by doctors throughout the world’.[7]

Patent for Surgical Dressing. [8]

The museum also has other fist aid kits, varying in size, date and purpose. The image below shows the various supplies found in a 1943 first aid kit. 

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[1] COSGB, ‘S. Maw, Son & Sons Ltd.’, (2010). [Online] Available from:  www.cosgb.blogspot.co.uk/2010/10/s-maw-son-sons-ltd.html. (Accessed 22/04/12). 

[2] Conn, H.J. (1992) ‘An Investigation of American Gentain Violets Report of Committee on Bacteriological Technic’, Journal of Bacteriology, 7(5) : 529.

[3] Medicine.Net, 'First Aid: From Whitchdoctors & Religious Knights to Modern Doctors', 2005. [Online] Available from: www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=52749. (Accessed 22/04/12).

[4] Medicine. Net, ‘First Aid: From Witchdoctors & Religious Knights to Modern Doctors’, 2005. [Online] Available from: www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=52749. (Accessed 22/04/12).

[5] Johnson & Johnson, ‘First Aid’, 2012. [Online] Available from: www.jnjcanada.com/brand-template.aspx?id=11. (Accessed 22/04/12).

[6] Johnson & Johnson, ‘Timeline’, 2012. [Online] Available from: www.jnjredcross.com/timeline-of-innovation. (Accessed 22/04/12).

[7] Johnson & Johnson, ‘Timeline’, 2012. [Online] Available from: www.jnjredcross.com/timeline-of-innovation. (Accessed 22/04/12).
[8] Google Patents, 'No 582, 926', 2011. [Online] Available from: www.google.com/patents?id=HGVaAAAAEBAJ&pg=PA1&dq=dressing+ininventor:robert+ininventor:johnson&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=1#v=onepage&q=dressing%20ininventor%3Arobert%20ininventor%3Ajohnson&f=false. (Accessed 22/04/2012).

Mystery Item No 5

I know you have all been desperate to see Junes mystery item, so here it is. Get your guesses in, its up for one week only and good luck!!

The Last Execution

As can be seen on our Twitter page today marks the day that the last public execution took place in Britain.

Michael Barrett was convicted of killing a dozen people and injuring many more when a bomb left inside a wheelbarrow outside of a prison exploded in London December 1867. The terrorists responsible believed ‘it would bring down the wall, allowing Irish Republican prisoners to escape’.[1] Barrett was an Irish Republican who had previously been arrested for discharging a firearm; however at the Old Bailey in April 1868 he called witnesses who testified that he was in Scotland on the day of the Clerkenwell explosion, thus he got off free.[2] However this time he was not so lucky and he was to be hanged on the 26^th May 1868.

The case was reported in numerous newspapers from the time, as can be seen from the clippings below. The Times wrote ‘never were there more numerous than this occasion’ and ‘none could look on the scene, with all its exceptional quietness, without a thankful feeling that this was to be the last public execution in England.’[3]

The Execution of Micheal Barrett. [4]

I thought I would add in an interesting story from Devon, even though it did not occur in May. John Lee or the man they could not hang was born in Abbotskerswell, Devon on the 15^th August 1864 and is famous for surviving three attempts to hang him for murder.[5] The Babbacombe Murder, as it is known, occurred on the 15^th November 1884, and saw Miss Emma Keyse (Lee’s employer) bludgeoned to death with an axe, her throat slashed with a knife and her house set on fire.

In the house at the time was Lee and two other servants, but ultimately it was Lee’s behaviour on the night, the fact that he was already under notice to quit the service of Miss Keyse and his recent conviction (of theft in 1883, where he was sentenced to hard labour at prison in Exeter) which landed him guilty.[6] Lee maintained his protests of being innocent saying to the judge at his trial, "the reason I am so calm is that I trust in the Lord and he knows I am innocent."[7] Lee was sentenced on the 23^rd February 1885 at Exeter prison and famously survived three attempts to hang him.[8]

He served a life sentence at Portland Prison, and was released from on the 18^th December 1907. He then went on to marry Jessie Augusta Bulled at Newton Abbot, Devon on the 22^nd January 1909. Now this is where his story gets confusing. On the 28th of February 1911 John Lee allegedly travelled to America to start a new life with a woman claiming to be his wife, leaving a pregnant Jessie and his son behind in the Lambeth workhouse.[9] It is believed that Lee never became a legal citizen of America and died, aged 80, on the 19^th March 1945.[10]

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[1] True Crime Library, 'Michael Barrett', 2012. [Online] Available from: www.truecrimelibrary.com/crime_series_show.php?series_number=3&id=321. (Accessed 28/04/2012).

[2] Execution of the Day, 'Michael Barrett', 2012. [Online] Available from: www.eotd.wordpress.com/2008/05/26/26-may-1868-michael-barrett/. (Accessed 28/04/2012).

[3] The Times, Wednesday, May 27, 1868; pg. 9; Issue 26135.
[4] Liverpool Mercury etc (Liverpool, England), Tuesday, May 26, 1868; Issue 6343.

[4] The Man They Could Not Hang, 'John Lee's Story', 2012. [Online] Available from: www.murderresearch.com/john-lees-story/. (Accessed 28/04/2012).

[5] Ancestry, 'John Babbacombe Lee', 2011. [Online] Available from: www.freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~alanelliott/Lee%20Family.HTML. (Accessed 28/04/2012).

[6] BBC, 'The Man They Could Not Hang', 2012. [Online] Available from: www.bbc.co.uk/insideout/southwest/series1/john-babbacombe-lee.shtml. (Accessed 28/04/2012).

[7] Old British News Research, 'Death Sentences 1880s', 2012. [Online] Available from: www.oldbritishnews.com/historic-databases/death-sentences-1880s/. (Accessed 28/04/2012).

[9] Ancestry, 'John Babbacombe Lee', 2011. [Online] Available from: www.freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~alanelliott/Lee%20Family.HTML. (Accessed 28/04/2012).

[10] The Man They Could Not Hang, 'John Lee's Story', 2012. [Online] Available from: www.murderresearch.com/john-lees-story/. (Accessed 28/04/2012).

May Inventions

The 25^th May 1948 saw the patent (No 2, 423, 873) granted to Andrew Moyer for a method of mass production if penicillin.[1] Penicillin is one of the earliest discovered and widely used antibiotic agents and it was Alexander Flemming in 1928 discovered its importance.  By 1941 Moyer has succeeded in increasing the yields of penicillin ten times, it was not until 1948 when the patent was granted. This new production lay in the ‘cultivation of molds, whereby the yield of penicillin is substantially increased’.[2]

Patent for Penicillin Production. [2]

More recently, the 28^th May 1996 saw Theo and Wayne Hart received a patent for a ponytail hair clasp.[3] Patent No 5, 520, 201 is the design for a pony tail clasp which ‘substantially departs from the conventional concepts and designs of the prior’, the result of this clasp that ‘allows a user to readily and fixedly clasp his or her hair in a pony tail type configuration’.[4]

Patent for pny tail hair clasp. [4]

Very importantly, the 5^th May 1809 saw the first patent granted by the United States Patent and Trademark Office to a woman. This was granted to Mary Kies for the process of weaving straw with silk or thread, mainly for the purpose of creating women’s hats and bonnets.

There are no images of this patent, as the original file was destroyed in a fire in 1836, in which ‘approximately 10,000 patent records were lost’.[5] By 1840 approximately 20 U.S patents had been issued to women and this number had continued to grow and grow.[6] By 2004 18% of all patents issued to U.S inventors were from women, double the amount granted in 1990.[7]

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[1] Google Patents, ‘No 2, 423, 873’, 2011. [Online] Available from: www.google.com/patents?id=cYtVAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract#v=onepage&q&f=false. (Accessed 12/05/12).

[2] Google Patents, ‘No 2, 423, 873’, 2011. [Online] Available from: www.google.com/patents?id=cYtVAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract#v=onepage&q&f=false. (Accessed 12/05/12).

[3] Google Patents, ‘No 5, 520,201’, 2011. [Online] Available from:  www.google.com/patents?id=WOsdAAAAEBAJ&pg=PA1&dq=ininventor:Wayne+ininventor:Hart&hl=en#v=onepage&q=ininventor%3AWayne%20ininventor%3AHart&f=false . (Accessed 12/05/2012).

[4] Google Patents, ‘No 5, 520,201’, 2011. [Online] Available from:  www.google.com/patents?id=WOsdAAAAEBAJ&pg=PA1&dq=ininventor:Wayne+ininventor:Hart&hl=en#v=onepage&q=ininventor%3AWayne%20ininventor%3AHart&f=false . (Accessed 12/05/2012).

[5] Inventor of the Week, ‘Mary Kies’, 2004. [Online] Available from: www.web.mit.edu/invent/iow/kies.html. (Accessed 12/05/2012).

[6] Inventor of the Week, ‘Mary Kies’, 2004. [Online] Available from: www.web.mit.edu/invent/iow/kies.html. (Accessed 12/05/2012).

[7] Business Week, ‘Women Inventors Double their Share of Patents’, 2012. [Online] Available from: www.businessweek.com/articles/2012-03-01/women-inventors-double-their-share-of-patents. (Accessed 12/05/12).

Mystery Item No 4

-.-. --- -. --. .-. .- - ..- .-.. .- - .. --- -. ...   - ---   - .... --- ... .   .-- .... ---   --. ..- . ... ... . -..   - .... .   .. - . --   -.-. --- .-. .-. . -.-. - .-.. -.

Or in English congratulations to those who guessed the item correctly! It is in fact a railway morse code tapper.

The museum's transmitter

Our example of a railway Morse code transmitter is from Lapford Railway Station in Devon. The station opened by the North Devon Railway on the 1^st August 1854.[1] Lapford features on the Tarka Line running between Exeter and Barnstaple. However, the history of the Tarka Line is complex, it was first opened in 1851 by the Exeter and Crediton Railway and was then extended in 1854 by North Devon Railways.[2] Later the line was taken over by the London & South Western company and then eventually became part of the Southern Railway, ‘which ran the famous 'Atlantic Coast Express' services to the north coast of Devon and Cornwall’.[3]

A view of Lapford Station on the Exeter to Barnstable line in 1913.[4]

Our transmitter has a brass rocker tapper key, Bakelite finger pad and a wooden base. It measures 15cm long, 7cm wide and 6.5cm high.

The Museum's transmitter

Morse code was invented in the 1830s by Samuel Morse. The code we know today has only been through a few changes since its development.[5] One of its major changes was from numbers to letters. Originally morse code was transmitted in numbers and the receiver would then use a dictionary to translate the numbers into words, a long and tedious task.[6]

Morse code patent. [5]

The first public message was transmitted on 24^th May 1844 and was “What God hath wrought” (.-- .... .- -   --. --- -..   .... .- - ....   .-- .-. --- ..- --. .... -).[7] Ten years after the first telegraph line opened in 1844, over 23,000 miles of line crossed the country, having a profound effect on the American West.

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[1] Encyclopedia Titanica, 'First Use of Morse Code', 2011. [Online] Available from: www.encyclopedia-titanica.org/first-use-morse-code.html. (Accessed 24/04/2012).

[2] Wikipedia, 'Lapford Station', 2012. [Online] Available from: www.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lapfordstation.jpg. (Accessed 24/04/2012).

[3] The Art of Manliness, 'Become a Morse Code Expert', 2010. [Online] Available from: www.artofmanliness.com. (Accessed 24/04/2012). 

[4] The Art of Manliness, 'Become a Morse Code Expert', 2010. [Online] Available from: www.artofmanliness.com. (Accessed 24/04/2012). 

[5] Nicholas, John (1992). The North Devon Line. Sparkford: Oxford Publishing Company.

[6] Great Scenic Railways of Devon and Cornwall, 'Tarka Line', 2012. [Online] Available from: www.carfreedaysout.com/tarka.html. (Accessed 24/04/2012).

[7] Great Scenic Railways of Devon and Cornwall, 'Tarka Line', 2012. [Online] Available from: www.carfreedaysout.com/tarka.html. (Accessed 24/04/2012).